How to use I2C in Arduino: Communication between two Arduino Boards

Arduino I2C Tutorial: Communication between two Arduino Boards

In our previous tutorial learned about SPI communication in Arduino. Today we will learn about another Serial Communication Protocol: I2C (Inter Integrated Circuits). Comparing I2C with SPI, I2C has only two wires while SPI uses four and I2C can have Multiple Master and Slave, while SPI can have only one master and multiple slaves. So there are more than one microcontroller in a project that need to be masters then I2C is used. I2C communication is generally used to communicate with Gyroscope, accelerometer, barometric pressure sensors, LED displays etc.

In this Arduino I2C tutorial we will use I2C communication between two arduino boards and send (0 to 127) values to each other by using potentiometer. Values will be displayed on the 16x2 LCD connected to each of the Arduino.  Here one Arduino will act as Master and another one will act as Slave. So let’s start with the introduction about I2C communication.

What is I2C Communication Protocol?

The term IIC stands for “Inter Integrated Circuits”. It is normally denoted as I2C or I squared C or even as 2-wire interface protocol (TWI) at some places but it all means the same. I2C is a synchronous communication protocol meaning, both the devices that are sharing the information must share a common clock signal. It has only two wires to share information out of which one is used for the cock signal and the other is used for sending and receiving data.

How I2C Communication works?

I2C communication was first introduced by Phillips. As said earlier it has two wires, these two wires will be connected across two devices. Here one device is called a master and the other device is called as slave. Communication should and will always occur between two a Master and a Slave. The advantage of I2C communication is that more than one slave can be connected to a Master.

The complete communication takes place through these two wires namely, Serial Clock (SCL) and Serial Data (SDA).

Serial Clock (SCL): Shares the clock signal generated by the master with the slave

Serial Data (SDA): Sends the data to and from between the Master and slave.

At any given time only the master will be able to initiate the communication. Since there is more than one slave in the bus, the master has to refer to each slave using a different address. When addressed only the slave with that particular address will reply back with the information while the others keep quit. This way we can use the same bus to communicate with multiple devices.

The voltage levels of I2C are not predefined. I2C communication is flexible, means the device which is powered by 5v volt, can use 5v for I2C and the 3.3v devices can use 3v for I2C communication. But what if two devices which are running on different voltages, need to communicate using I2C? A 5V I2C bus can’t be connected with 3.3V device. In this case voltage shifters are used to match the voltage levels between two I2C buses.

There are some set of conditions which frame a transaction. Initialization of transmission begins with a falling edge of SDA, which is defined as ‘START’ condition in below diagram where master leaves SCL high while setting SDA low.

As shown in the above diagram below,

The falling edge of SDA is the hardware trigger for the START condition. After this all devices on the same bus go into listening mode.

In the same manner, rising edge of SDA stops the transmission which is shown as ‘STOP’ condition in above diagram, where the master leaves SCL high and also releases SDA to go HIGH. So rising edge of SDA stops the transmission.

R/W bit indicates the direction of transmission of following bytes, if it is HIGH means the slave will transmit and if it is low means the master will transmit.

Each bit is transmitted on each clock cycle, so it takes 8 clock cycles to transmit a byte. After each byte either sent or received, ninth clock cycle is held for the ACK/NACK (acknowledged/not acknowledged). This ACK bit is generated by either slave or master depending upon the situation. For ACK bit, SDA is set to low by master or slave at 9th clock cycle. So it is low it considered as ACK otherwise NACK.

Where to use I2C communication?

I2C communication is used only for short distance communication. It is certainly reliable to an extent since it has a synchronised clock pulse to make it smart. This protocol is mainly used to communicate with sensor or other devices which has to send information to a master. It is very handy when a microcontroller has to communicate with many other slave modules using a minimum of only wires. If you are looking for a long range communication you should try RS232 and if you are looking for more reliable communication you should try the SPI protocol.

 

I2C in Arduino

The image below shows the I2C pins present in Arduino UNO.

I2C Line	Pin in Arduino
SDA	A4
SCL	A5

Before we get start into programming I2C using two Arduino. We need to learn about the Wire library used in Arduino IDE.

The library <Wire.h> is included in the program for using the following functions for I2C communication.

1. Wire.begin(address):

Use:  This library is used for making communication with I2C devices. This Initiate the Wire library and join the I2C bus as a master or slave.

Address: The 7-bit slave address is optional and if the address is not specified, it joins the bus as a master like this [Wire.begin()].

2. Wire.read():

Use: This function is used to read a byte that was received from master or slave device, either that was transmitted from a slave device to a master device after a call to requestFrom() or was transmitted from a master to a slave.

3. Wire.write():

Use: This function is used to write data to a slave or master device.

Slave to Master: Slave writes data to a master when Wire.RequestFrom() is used in master.

Master to Slave: For transmission from a master to slave device Wire.write() is used in-between calls to Wire.beginTransmission() and Wire.endTransmission().

Wire.write() can be written as:

• Wire.write(value) 

value: a value to send as a single byte.

• Wire.write(string) :

string: a string to send as a series of bytes.

• Wire.write(data, length):

data: an array of data to send as bytes                        

length: the number of bytes to transmit.

4. Wire.beginTransmission(address):

Use: This function is used to begin a transmission to the I2C device with the given slave address. Subsequently, build queue of bytes for transmission with the write() function and then transmit them by calling endTransmission() function. 7-bit address of the device is transmitted.

5. Wire.endTransmission();

Use: This function is used to end a transmission to a slave device that was begun by beginTransmission() and transmits the bytes that were queued by Wire.write().

6. Wire.onRequest();

Use: This function gets called when a master requests data using Wire.requestFrom() from the slave device. Here we can include Wire.write() function to send data to the master.

7. Wire.onReceive();

Use: This function gets called when a slave device receives a data from a master. Here we can include Wire.read(); function to read the data sent from master.

8. Wire.requestFrom(address,quantity);

Use: This function is used in the master to request bytes from a slave device. The function Wire.read() is used to read the data sent from the slave device.

address: the 7-bit address of the device to request bytes from

quantity: the number of bytes to request

Components Required

• Arduino Uno (2-Nos)
• 16X2 LCD display module
• 10K Potentiometer (4-Nos)
• Breadboard
• Connecting Wires

Circuit Diagram

Working Explanation

Here for demonstrating I2C communication in Arduino, we use Two Arduino UNO with Two 16X2 LCD display attached to each other and use two potentiometers at both arduino to determine the sending values (0 to 127) from master to slave and slave to master by varying the potentiometer.

We take input analog value at arduino pin A0 from (0 to 5V) by using potentiometer and convert them into Analog to Digital value (0 to 1023). Then these ADC values are further converted into (0 to 127) as we can send only 7-bit data through I2C communication. The I2C communication takes place through two wires at pin A4 & A5 of both arduino.

Values at Slave Arduino’s LCD will be changed by varying the POT at master side and vice versa.

I2C Programming in Arduino

This tutorial has two programs one for master Arduino and other for slave Arduino. Complete programs for both the sides are given at the end of this project with a demonstration Video.

Master Arduino Programming Explanation

1. First of all we need to include the Wire library for using I2C communication functions and LCD library for using LCD functions. Also define LCD pins for 16x2 LCD. Learn more about interfacing LCD with Arduino here.

#include<Wire.h>    
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11);

2. In void setup()

• We Start Serial Communication at Baud Rate 9600.

Serial.begin(9600);               

• Next we start the I2C communication at pin (A4,A5)

Wire.begin();       //Begins I2C communication at pin (A4,A5)

• Next we initialize LCD display module in 16X2 mode and display the welcome message and clear after five seconds.

  lcd.begin(16,2);                           //Initilize LCD display
  lcd.setCursor(0,0);                        //Sets Cursor at first line of Display
  lcd.print("Circuit Digest");               //Prints CIRCUIT DIGEST in LCD
  lcd.setCursor(0,1);                        //Sets Cursor at second line of Display
  lcd.print("I2C 2 ARDUINO");                //Prints I2C ARDUINO in LCD
  delay(5000);                               //Delay for 5 seconds
  lcd.clear();                               //Clears LCD display

3. In void loop()

• First we need to get data from the Slave so we use requestFrom() with the slave address 8 and we request one byte

Wire.requestFrom(8,1);                          

The received value is read using Wire.read()

byte MasterReceive = Wire.read();      

• Next we need to read the analog value from the master arduino POT attached to pin A0

int potvalue = analogRead(A0);                     

We convert that value in terms of one byte as 0 to 127. 

byte MasterSend = map(potvalue,0,1023,0,127);         

•  Next we need to send those converted values so we begin the transmission with slave arduino with 8 address

Wire.beginTransmission(8);                          
Wire.write(MasterSend);                       
 Wire.endTransmission();               

• Next we display those received values from the slave arduino    with a delay of 500 microseconds and we continuously receive and display those value.

lcd.setCursor(0,0);            //Sets Currsor at line one of LCD
lcd.print(">>  Master  <<");      //Prints >> Master << at LCD
lcd.setCursor(0,1);                      //Sets Cursor at line two of LCD
lcd.print("SlaveVal:");                //Prints SlaveVal: in LCD
lcd.print(MasterReceive);  //Prints MasterReceive in LCD received from Slave
Serial.println("Master Received From Slave");    //Prints in Serial Monitor
Serial.println(MasterReceive);
delay(500);                                    
lcd.clear();

Slave Arduino Programming Explanation

1. Same as master, first of all we need to include the Wire library for using I2C communication functions and LCD library for using LCD functions. Also define LCD pins for 16x2 LCD.

#include<Wire.h>    
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>      
LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11);

2. In void setup()

• We Start Serial Communication at Baud Rate 9600.

Serial.begin(9600);               

• Next we start the I2C communication at pin (A4, A5) with slave address as 8. Here it is important to specify the slave address.

Wire.begin(8);      

Next we need to call the function when Slave receives value from master and when Master request value from Slave

Wire.onReceive(receiveEvent);          
Wire.onRequest(requestEvent);          

• Next we initialize LCD display module in 16X2 mode and display the welcome message and clear after five seconds.

  lcd.begin(16,2);                           //Initilize LCD display
  lcd.setCursor(0,0);                        //Sets Cursor at first line of Display
  lcd.print("Circuit Digest");               //Prints CIRCUIT DIGEST in LCD
  lcd.setCursor(0,1);                        //Sets Cursor at second line of Display
  lcd.print("I2C 2 ARDUINO");                //Prints I2C ARDUINO in LCD
  delay(5000);                               //Delay for 5 seconds
  lcd.clear();                               //Clears LCD display

3. Next we have two functions one for request event and one for receive event 

For request Event

When Master request value from slave this function will be executed. This function does take input value from the Slave POT and convert it in terms of 7-bit and send that value to master.

void requestEvent()  
{
  int potvalue = analogRead(A0);     
  byte SlaveSend = map(potvalue,0,1023,0,127);   
  Wire.write(SlaveSend);        
}

For Receive Event

When Master sends data to slave with slave address (8) this function will be executed. This function reads the received value from master and store in a variable of type byte.

void receiveEvent (int howMany
{
 SlaveReceived = Wire.read();                   
}

4. In Void loop():

We display the received value from master continuously in the LCD display module.

void loop(void)
{
  lcd.setCursor(0,0);                              //Sets Currsor at line one of LCD
  lcd.print(">>  Slave  <<");                      //Prints >> Slave << at LCD
  lcd.setCursor(0,1);                              //Sets Cursor at line two of LCD
  lcd.print("MasterVal:");                         //Prints MasterVal: in LCD
  lcd.print(SlaveReceived);                        //Prints SlaveReceived value in LCD received from Master
  Serial.println("Slave Received From Master:");   //Prints in Serial Monitor
  Serial.println(SlaveReceived);
  delay(500);
  lcd.clear();
}

By rotating the Potentiometer at one side, you can see the varying values on LCD on another side:

So this is how I2C communication takes place in Arduino, here we have use two Arduinos to demonstrate not only sending of data but also receiving the data using I2C communication. So now you can interface any I2C sensor to Arduino.

The complete coding for Master and Slave Arduino is given below with a demonstration video

Code

Master Arduino Programming

//I2C MASTER CODE 
//I2C Communication between Two Arduino
//Circuit Digest
//Pramoth.T

#include<Wire.h>                             //Library for I2C Communication functions
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>                    //Library for LCD display function
LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11);       //Define LCD Module Pins (RS,EN,D4,D5,D6,D7)

 void setup() 

{ 
  lcd.begin(16,2);                           //Initilize LCD display
  lcd.setCursor(0,0);                        //Sets Cursor at first line of Display 
  lcd.print("Circuit Digest");               //Prints CIRCUIT DIGEST in LCD 
  lcd.setCursor(0,1);                        //Sets Cursor at second line of Display
  lcd.print("I2C 2 ARDUINO");                //Prints I2C ARDUINO in LCD
  delay(5000);                               //Delay for 5 seconds
  lcd.clear();                               //Clears LCD display
  Serial.begin(9600);                        //Begins Serial Communication at 9600 baud rate
  Wire.begin();                              //Begins I2C communication at pin (A4,A5)
}

void loop()

{
    Wire.requestFrom(8,1);                           // request 1 byte from slave arduino (8)
    byte MasterReceive = Wire.read();                // receive a byte from the slave arduino and store in MasterReceive
    int potvalue = analogRead(A0);                   // Reads analog value from POT (0-5V)
    byte MasterSend = map(potvalue,0,1023,0,127);    //Convert digital value (0 to 1023) to (0 to 127)
     
    Wire.beginTransmission(8);                       // start transmit to slave arduino (8)
    Wire.write(MasterSend);                          // sends one byte converted POT value to slave
    Wire.endTransmission();                          // stop transmitting
    lcd.setCursor(0,0);                              //Sets Currsor at line one of LCD
    lcd.print(">>  Master  <<");                     //Prints >> Master << at LCD
    lcd.setCursor(0,1);                              //Sets Cursor at line two of LCD
    lcd.print("SlaveVal:");                          //Prints SlaveVal: in LCD
    lcd.print(MasterReceive);                        //Prints MasterReceive in LCD received from Slave
    Serial.println("Master Received From Slave");    //Prints in Serial Monitor 
    Serial.println(MasterReceive);
    delay(500);                                     
    lcd.clear();
  
}     
 

Slave Arduino Programming

//I2C SLAVE CODE
//I2C Communication between Two Arduino
//CircuitDigest
//Pramoth.T

#include<Wire.h>                          //Library for I2C Communication functions
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>                 //Library for LCD display function
LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11);    //Define LCD Module Pins (RS,EN,D4,D5,D6,D7)

byte SlaveReceived = 0;

void setup() 

{
  lcd.begin(16,2);                        //Initilize LCD display
  lcd.setCursor(0,0);                     //Sets Cursor at first line of Display 
  lcd.print("Circuit Digest");            //Prints CIRCUIT DIGEST in LCD 
  lcd.setCursor(0,1);                     //Sets Cursor at second line of Display
  lcd.print("I2C 2 ARDUINO");             //Prints I2C ARDUINO in LCD
  delay(5000);                            //Delay for 5 seconds
  lcd.clear();                            //Clears LCD display
  Serial.begin(9600);                     //Begins Serial Communication at 9600 baud rate
  Wire.begin(8);                          //Begins I2C communication with Slave Address as 8 at pin (A4,A5)
  Wire.onReceive(receiveEvent);           //Function call when Slave receives value from master
  Wire.onRequest(requestEvent);           //Function call when Master request value from Slave
} 

void loop(void) 
{
  lcd.setCursor(0,0);                              //Sets Currsor at line one of LCD
  lcd.print(">>  Slave  <<");                      //Prints >> Slave << at LCD
  lcd.setCursor(0,1);                              //Sets Cursor at line two of LCD
  lcd.print("MasterVal:");                         //Prints MasterVal: in LCD
  lcd.print(SlaveReceived);                        //Prints SlaveReceived value in LCD received from Master
  Serial.println("Slave Received From Master:");   //Prints in Serial Monitor 
  Serial.println(SlaveReceived); 
  delay(500);
  lcd.clear();
  
}

void receiveEvent (int howMany)                    //This Function is called when Slave receives value from master
{
   SlaveReceived = Wire.read();                    //Used to read value received from master and store in variable SlaveReceived
}

void requestEvent()                                //This Function is called when Master wants value from slave
{
  int potvalue = analogRead(A0);                   // Reads analog value from POT (0-5V)
  byte SlaveSend = map(potvalue,0,1023,0,127);    // Convert potvalue digital value (0 to 1023) to (0 to 127)
  Wire.write(SlaveSend);                          // sends one byte converted POT value to master
}